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Medicare_(United_States)Medicare is a program of health insurance for the elderly and disabled in the USA. It was first passed on July 30, 1965 as amendments to Social Security (United States)|Social Security legislation. |
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2005年10月11日
Medicare (United States)
Medicare (United States)[Insurance]
2005年10月10日
Big killer
Big killer[Diseases]
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Big_killerIn public health, a big killer is a disease or other major cause of loss of human life. :''For big killers of the past, see pandemics.''Examples include:*Cancer: 23 % of deaths *Circulatory diseases: 36 %. *Diabetes : 1/3 of myocardial infarction|heart attack victims suffer from diabetes. *Infectious diseases : AIDS and tuberculosis *Neurological illness : Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, as well as Clinical depression. *Traffic accidents |
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2005年10月09日
Argyria
Argyria[Diseases]
Argyria''There is also a village named Argyria in Greece (pronunciation: ar-YEE-ree-a) , see Argyria, Greece.''Argyria (ISV from Greek language|Greek: αργύρος ''argyros'' silver + -ia) is a disease caused by the ingestion of elemental silver, silver dust or silver compounds. The most dramatic effect of argyria is that the skin is coloured blue or bluish-grey. Argyria may be found as generalized argyria or local argyria. Argyrosis is the corresponding condition related to the eye. The condition is believed to be permanent. Most recent cases are due to the consumption of colloidal silver as an alternative medicine.Since at least the early part of the 20th century, doctors have known that silver or silver compounds can cause some areas of the skin and other body tissues to turn gray or blue-gray. Argyria occurs in people who eat or breathe in silver over a long period (several months to many years). A single exposure to a silver compound may also cau! se silver to be deposited in the skin and in other parts of the body; however, this is not known to be harmful. It is likely that many exposures to silver are necessary to develop argyria. Once you have argyria, it is permanent. However, the condition is thought to be only a "cosmetic problem". Most doctors and scientists believe that the discoloration of the skin seen in argyria is the most serious health effect of silver (in small doses). Reports of cases of argyria suggest that gram amounts (from 2 to 4 grams) of silver or a silver compound taken in medication in small doses over several months may cause argyria in some humans. People who work in factories that manufacture silver can also breathe in silver or its compounds. In the past, some of these workers have become argyric. However, the level of silver in the air and the length of exposure that caused argyria in these workers is not known. It is also not known what level of silver causes breathing problems, lung and! throat irritation, or stomach pain in people. Studies in rats! show th at drinking water containing very large amounts of silver (9.8 grams of silver per U.S. gallon water or 2.6 grams per liter) is likely to be life-threatening. There is very little information about health effects following skin contact with silver compounds. Argyria that covers the entire body is not seen following skin contact with silver compounds, although the skin may change color where it touches the silver. However, many people who have used skin creams containing silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver sulphadiazine have not reported health problems from the silver in the medicine. In one animal study, a strong solution of silver nitrate (81 milligrams silver nitrate per liter of water) applied to the skin of guinea pigs for 28 days did not cause the animals to die; however, it did cause the guinea pigs to stop gaining weight normally. It is not known if this would happen to people if they were exposed the same way. A recent prominent case was of Stan Jone! s of Montana, a Libertarian candidate for the United States Senate in 2002. Jones acquired argyria through consumption of home-made colloidal silver which he made due to fears the Year 2000 problem would make antibiotics unavailable. The peculiar colouration of his skin featured prominently in media coverage of his unsuccessful campaign. Jones promised that he was not using his silvery complexion as a gimmick. In fact, he continues to promote the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy. He has said that his good health, minus the unusual skin tone, is the result of his use of colloidal silver. |
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| Diseases Renewal 2005.10.09
Hemiparesis / Anosmia / Cervical spine disorder / Polymicrogyria / London Dock Hospital / Ankylosing spondylitis / Big killer / Cellular pathology / Intersection syndrome / Mastocytosis / Mastoiditis / Arthritis / Osteochondrosis / Shin splints / Short bowel syndrome / Scoliosis / Diseases of affluence / Dysgeusia / Uveitis / Bursitis
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2005年10月08日
Paid Family Leave
Paid Family Leave[Insurance]
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Paid_Family_LeaveCalifornia's Paid Family Leave (PFL) insurance program, which is also known as the Family Temporary Disability Insurance (FTDI) program, is a law enacted in 2002 that extends unemployment disability compensation to cover individuals who Parental leave|take time off of work to care for a seriously ill family member or bond with a new minor child. Benefits equal approximately 55% of earnings and have a maximum per week.The Paid Family Leave program is administered by the State Disability Insurance (SDI) program of the Employment Development Department. Benefits commenced on July 1, 2004.The statute states that PFL must be taken concurrently with leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993|federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and the California Family Rights Act (CFRA)[http://www.dfeh.ca.gov/Statutes/cfra.asp], both of which provide for twelve weeks of unpaid leave in a twelve-month period.The PFL insurance ! program is fully funded by employees' contributions, similar to the SDI program. |
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2005年10月07日
Sommelier
Sommelier[Konwledge of Wine]
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SommelierA sommelier is a waiter in a restaurant who specializes in wine. Their principal task is to suggest a wine which will accompany well a particular menu, or perhaps a particular course. Because of the perception of wine, especially amongst fine diners, as a central tenet of a meal, the position of a sommelier is arguably as important as that of chef de cuisine. It could be argued that a system of commission, or a general attachment to a restaurant, may influence the suggestions of an in-house sommelier - that is to say, they will always suggest the higher priced wine. This is true in some instances, perhaps, but the dedicated and professional sommelier will always respect the customer's original parameters and will do their best to offer them the most suitable wine within both financial and personal restraints.Sommeliers are also usually responsible for the selection and purchase of the restaurant's wine list.The Court of Master Sommeliers certifies a tiny fraction of the fine! st sommeliers as "Master Sommelier," a title equivalent to Master of Wine. |
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| Konwledge of Wine Renewal 2005.10.07 |
2005年10月06日
Hogshead
Hogshead[Konwledge of Wine]
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HogsheadA hogshead is a large Barrel (storage)|cask of liquid (less often, of a List of traded commodities#Foodstuffs|food commodity). More specifically, it refers to a specified volume, measured in Imperial units, primarily applied to alcoholic beverages such as wine, ale, or cider. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED) notes that the hogshead was first standardized by an act of Parliament in 1423, though the standards continued to vary by locality and content. For example, the OED cites an 1897 edition of ''Whitaker's Almanack'', which specified the number of gallons of wine in a hogshead varying by type of wine: claret 46 gallons, Port wine|port 57, sherry 54; and Madeira wine|Madeira 46.Eventually, a hogshead of wine came to be 63 gallons, while a hogshead of beer or ale is 54 gallons.A hogshead was also used as unit of measurement for sugar in Louisiana for most of the 19th century. Plantations were listed in sugar schedules as having produced x number of hogsheads of suga! r or molasses. |
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| Konwledge of Wine Renewal 2005.10.06
Rose / Cork taint / Retsina / Negociant / KWV / Wine and food matching / Pomace wine / P cont. / Vin gris / Kosher wine / Sommelier / Cooking wine / Cercle des Amateurs de Vin / Clos vougeot / Heuriger / Bottle / Vintage / Winery / Mondovino / Robert M. Parker, Jr.
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2005年10月05日
Lolicon
Lolicon[Japanese terms]
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Loliconis a typical lolicon manga ( Lolicon, or Rorikon () is the Japanese language|Japanese gairaigo term (usually short form) for Lolita complex (derived from the novel ''Lolita''), the sexual attraction to fictional and real pedophilia|underage girls, or ephebophilia. (Strictly speaking, Roriita-konpurekkusu in Japanese means only psychological tendency of an adult man or older boy; rorikon, however, additionally implies persons who have such psychological tendency. This difference is important.)Lolicon usually involves female characters between the ages of 8 and 13 (sometimes, between 3, 4 and 17, 18 in Japanese rorikon.) Lolicon manga are legal in Japan (so long as actual underage models are not used in the creation of the art); actual child pornography is not. Despite Japan producing (and consuming) most lolicon media, there is no evidence that it causes violent crimes against children and teens. Their prevalence (as is the case for violent crimes in general) is well below! that of most other developed countries.Lolicon art is a frequent subject of scholarly articles on sexuality in Japan, and is often suggested to exist in Japan for the same reasons that adult women in high-school uniforms are considered attractive, and enjo kosai is popular. In many non-pornography-specific bookstores and newsstands in Japan, lolicon media is ''almost'' freely available for browsing and purchase except for some limitations such that in addition to adult comics, rorikon comic books shall be exhibited in the limited places inside stores etc.Lolicon is frequently accused of being similar to or a form of pedophilia, particularly by westerners. Defenders of lolicon say that fictional material does not adversely affect children, and may in some cases help to relieve the sexual tension of actual pedophiles; opponents often say that the existence of fictional material encourages the viewing of children as sex objects. Another point of note is that the children depi! cted in lolicon do not have realistic proportions for their ag! e, more closely resembling older females on a smaller scale.Toddlerkon is another western term; it is essentially lolicon that depicts girls younger than those in a typical lolicon manga/drawing, typically infants and toddlers (hence the term "toddlerkon"). Because many aficionados of lolicon find it distasteful and offensive, this sub-genre was created in an attempt to distinguish it from ordinary manga/drawings that focus on older prepubescents.A somewhat related subject is Yiff|furry porn or "Yiff"/"Yiffy", which is art that depicts anthropomorphic animals ('furries') in sexual situations. The specific type in question features furries of both genders that are underage, or presented as children, and is referred to in the furry fandom|fandom as 'cub porn', after the word used to describe the young of many species of animal. This particular genre is generally marginalized by the fans of mainstream pornographic artwork, even more so than lolicon or shotacon. |
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| Japanese terms Renewal 2005.10.05
Kanban / Mon (crest) / Sensei / Onsen / Karaoke / Asahi / Suetsumuhana / Hanamichi / Daimyo / Soramimi / Kendo / Shinobi / Gaikokujin / Kisha club / Dorama / Ton!
demo / Shōjo / Shinto / Shiatsu / Wasei-eigo
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2005年10月04日
Earthquake construction
Earthquake construction[Construction]
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Earthquake_constructionEarthquake construction is a branch of architectural engineering concerned with making sure structures withstand as severe an earthquake shock as possible given the materials available. When the structure in question is a human habitation, the questions of surviving earthquake damage become much more serious. Examples of inhabited structures collapsing during earthquakes abound and are sadly all too frequent. Areas of the world frequently hit by fatal earthquake damage include Japan, Turkey, Algeria, and countless other regions on or near tectonic plate boundaries.Earlier in mankind's history (during the Neolithic, for instance), mankind lived in tents, which can withstand earthquakes quite well. We moved on to more comfortable structures of timber, mud brick, limestone, wattle and daub, and even just stacked rubble.Some of these materials can be used form solid, earthquake resistant structures. The important part is to use them wisely and with an understanding of how ea! rthquakes really apply stresses to structures in practice. A structure might have all the appearances of stability, yet offer nothing but danger when an earthquake strikes. The crucial fact is that for safety, earthquake resistant construction techniques are as important as using the correct materials.The specific mode of failure in an earthquake for most structures is the lateral (sideways) shaking. It frequently collapses walls, or moves them enough that the roof displaces and falls in. Both of these effects, obviously, can be deadly to any occupants. |
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| Construction Renewal 2005.10.04
Ready-mix concrete / Abated / Tool / Construction Specifications Institute / Slab-on-grade foundations / Sod / Straw-bale construction / Falsework / Product Lifecycle Management / Computer-aided design / Sto!
nemason / Arris / Tie rod / Platform framing / Rammed earth / Mechanical floor / Papercrete / Arc welding / Construction delay / Wattle and daub
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2005年10月03日
Kisha club
Kisha club[Japanese terms]
Kisha_clubA kisha club (: Kisha kurabu) is a press club that covers an institution in Japan such as the Diet of Japan|Diet or Sony. Such institutions limit their press conferences to the journalists of its associated kisha club. Membership in the kisha clubs can be restrictive, thereby limiting access by domestic magazines and the foreign media in general to the press conferences. The European Union has officially called for a loosening of the system. Defenders of the system counter that the kisha clubs' influence is used to open up the institution they are covering to scrutiny. References*Kisha System Makes for Extra Work, but Doesn't Stop the Presses, Bryan Shih, ''Japan Media Review'' *EU Pressures Japan to End Closed-Door Press Practices, Dorian Benkoil, ''Japan Media Review'' *Statement by the Delegation of the European Commission in Japan in response to the Opinion of the Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association - with most browsers you will be presented with a warning. Click the link to enter, then go back in your browser history and reload the page. |
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| Japanese terms Renewal 2005.10.03 |
2005年10月02日
Butt (unit)
Butt (unit)[Konwledge of Wine]
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Butt_(unit)The butt (from the medieval French language|French and Italian language|Italian ''botte'') or pipe is an old English unit of wine casks, holding about 1 E-1 m3|477 litres or rather two hogsheads. A hogshead varied in size but today is most commonly 63 US gallons (ca. 1 E-1 m3|238.5 litres), so a butt is now usually 126 US gallons or 105 imperial gallons. How big a butt or pipe of wine is can also depend on what kind of wine it is: ; Madeira wine|Madeira or Cape Wine : 92 gallons or 348 litres, ; Sherry : 108 gallons or 409 litres, ; Brandy : 114 gallons or 431.5 litres, ; Port Wine : 115 gallons or 435 litres.Traditionally, a butt of beer is 162 gallons or 1 E-1 m3|613 litres. That is three, not two, hogsheads of beer!George, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV of England was drowned in a butt of malmsey, February 18, 1478. It was used in The Cask of Amontillado for describing the Amontillado's size. |
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| Konwledge of Wine Renewal 2005.10.02
Wine bottle / Vintage / Vin gris / Jug wine / Oz Clarke / Clos vougeot / Mondovino / Bottling line / Dessert wine / Wine and food matching / Bottle variation / Rose / Retsina / Champagne flute / Cork taint / Moscatel / Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 / Cork (material) / Corkscrew (tool) / Angel's share
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